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He has published articles on American\nnovels, particularly those of Thomas Pynchon, as well as on\npostmodernism, Armenian terrorism, and the history and structure of\nthe Armenian diaspora. He has written, in Armenian, Spurki\nMech [\"In the Diaspora,\" Haratch Press, Paris], and many\narticles on Armenian issues and topics. He is at work on a book,\nStateless Power: Diasporas in the Transnational Moment\nand is editing a collection of articles by historians on various\ndiasporas.\n\n\nNotes\n\n\n\nThis essay draws upon a work in progress, Stateless Power:\nDiasporas in the Transnational Moment. I am grateful to\nEllen Rooney for her scrupulous and helpful reading of several\ndrafts of this work.\n\n\n\n\n1. Only some nation-states have done so. While subnational,\nterritorialized minorities (for example, the Catalans in Spain, the\nQuébécois in Canada) and some diasporan groups (for example, Jews\nin post-Soviet Russia, Cubans in America) have recently experienced\nan unprecedented range of linguistic, religious, cultural and even\npolitical choices, other ethno-national groups (for example, the\nKurds in Turkey, the Chechens in Russia) and diasporan populations\n(for example, Palestinians in Kuwait, Indians in Uganda) have been\npersecuted by nation-states. Forms of discrimination less direct\nthan such persecution remain pervasive.\n\n\n2. The fact that nation-states are often problematic should not\nlead to a hasty celebration of multinational states, however. There\nhave been a number of multinational polities (the Soviet Union, the\nOttoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Yugoslav\nRepublic). Each did relatively well for a time, satisfying some or\nmany of the smaller nations that lived within the system without\nequal access to its state-apparatus and high culture. Each\neventually felt disadvantaged or oppressed by some aspects of the\nsystem. In several, the collapse of the system was accompanied by\nthe scapegoating and ethnocide of one of the discontented polities\n(arguably the Chechen and Bosnian cases) and even their genocide\n(Armenians in the Ottoman Empire).\n\n\n3. Of course, some form of global socialism once offered such a\nvision, and may again do so some day. But, at the moment, both\ndiscourse and political action are failing to reformulate that\norder plausibly. Furthermore, much of diasporist discourse is all\nbut explicitly based on a rejection of socialism even when it pays\nsome lip-service to class; its real hope is placed in a fierce\nadvocacy of other types of transnational coalition. The enthusiasm\nof diasporists for non-socialist, transnational political activity\nhas recently been deplored by Bruce Robbins, who is skeptical about\nthe possibility that the US government will \"listen and learn from\nits hyphenated citizens\" and feels that Diaspora\nitself is host to a \"politically complacent internationalism\"\n(98).\n\n\n4. To be fair, the capitulation to transnational elites has been\npreceded, for nearly two decades, by a \"pioneering\" capitulation to\nother anti-national, anti-statist interests within the\nUS. As the Columbia University historian Alan Brinkley recently\nnoted, the ideological basis for the crippling of the American\nState has been the notion of empowering states and ordinary\ncitizens. But, as he writes, \"modern society has many centers of\nconcentrated power, of which the Government is only one and not\nalways the most important. The large interests that shape our world\nare more numerous and more powerful even than those the populists\nof the late nineteenth century decried: corporate bureaucracies,\nthe great institutions of the media, banks and financial\ninstitutions, trade associations and lobbying groups, and many\nothers\" (37). The absence of transnational elites in this list is\nsuprising, but can be explained by the fact that the great\ncorporate bureaucracies specialize in the care and feeding of\nsame.\n\n\n5. For the differences between intra- and inter-state diasporas,\nsee Tölölyan, \"Exile Government.\"\n\n\n6..."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"174"},["name","Short Title"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"39763"},["text","Rethinking Diaspora(s)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"187"},["name","Attachment Title"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"39764"},["text","Project MUSE Snapshot"]]]]]]]]