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Titolo
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Il secondo Manifesto popolazionista di Caterina II di Russia
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Data di inizio
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22 luglio 1763
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Data topica
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San Pietroburgo
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Ambiti e contenuto
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Il secondo manifesto popolazionista promosso da Caterina II di Russia, dà attuazione al quello promulgato il 4 dicembre 1762, che venne stampato in russo, tedesco, francese, inglese, polacco, ceco e arabo. Questo primo Manifesto aveva un carattere principalmente simbolico, poiché il governo russo non aveva ancora istituito una struttura amministrativa capace di gestire un programma di colonizzazione così vasto.
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Condizioni che regolano l'accesso
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pubblico
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Condizioni che regolano la riproduzione
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libera
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Soggetto conservatore
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Stadtarchiv of Ulm, Germany.
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Trascrizione
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it
Noi, Caterina Seconda, per grazia di Dio Imperatrice e Autocrate di tutte le Russie, a Mosca, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Zarina di Kazan', Zarina di Astrakhan', Zarina della Siberia, Signora di Pleskov e Gran Duchessa di Smolensk, Duchessa di Estonia e Livonia, Carelia, Tver, Jugoria, Perm, Viatka e Bulgaria e altre; Signora e Gran Duchessa di Novgorod nella regione inferiore di Černigov, Rjazan', Rostov, Jaroslavl', Belozërsk, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondinia, e Sovrana dell’intera regione del Nord, Signora degli Juriš, degli zar cartalini e georgiani e della terra cabardina, dei principi circassi e gorsiani, Signora dei possedimenti e sovrana di molti altri.
Poiché siamo pienamente consapevoli della vastità delle terre nel nostro Impero, abbiamo constatato, tra le altre cose, che un numero considerevole di regioni è ancora incolto, ma potrebbe essere facilmente e proficuamente reso produttivo attraverso l’insediamento della popolazione.
La maggior parte di queste terre nasconde nelle sue profondità una ricchezza inesauribile di minerali e metalli preziosi di ogni tipo e, essendo ben dotate di foreste, fiumi, laghi e vicine al mare per scopi commerciali, sono anche estremamente adatte allo sviluppo e alla crescita di manifatture, impianti industriali e varie installazioni.
Ciò ci ha indotto a emettere il manifesto pubblicato lo scorso 4 dicembre 1762, per il beneficio di tutti i nostri fedeli sudditi.
Tuttavia, poiché abbiamo annunciato solo in modo sommario la nostra volontà agli stranieri che desiderano stabilirsi nel nostro Impero, ora emettiamo il seguente decreto per chiarire meglio le nostre intenzioni, che qui solennemente istituiamo e ordiniamo di attuare in pieno:
1. Consentiamo a tutti gli stranieri di entrare nel nostro Impero per stabilirsi in qualsiasi governo, secondo i desideri di ciascuno.
2. Dopo l'arrivo, tali stranieri potranno rivolgersi, per questo scopo, non solo alla Cancelleria di Tutela istituita per gli stranieri nella nostra residenza, ma anche, se più conveniente, al governatore o all'ufficiale comandante di una delle città di confine dell'Impero.
3. Gli stranieri che desiderano stabilirsi in Russia ma non dispongono di mezzi sufficienti per pagare i costi di viaggio possono rivolgersi ai nostri ministri presso le corti straniere, i quali non solo li trasporteranno in Russia a nostre spese, ma forniranno loro anche denaro per il viaggio.
4. All'arrivo nella nostra residenza o in una città di confine, gli stranieri dovranno dichiarare se intendono iscriversi alle corporazioni di mercanti o artigiani e diventare cittadini in una determinata città, o se desiderano insediarsi su terre libere per coltivare o intraprendere altre attività utili. Saranno poi assegnati alla loro destinazione secondo i loro desideri, sulla base di un registro che elenca le terre disponibili.
5. All'arrivo nel nostro Impero, ogni straniero che intende stabilirsi deve prestare giuramento di fedeltà secondo il proprio rito religioso.
Privilegi e benefici
1. Garantiamo a tutti gli stranieri la libertà di praticare la propria religione secondo le usanze della loro Chiesa. Per chi si stabilisce in colonie rurali, consentiamo la costruzione di chiese e campanili, ma non di monasteri. È proibito convincere i cristiani russi a cambiare religione, salvo nei confronti dei musulmani lungo i confini dell’Impero, per i quali permettiamo conversioni al cristianesimo in modo decoroso.
2. Gli stranieri saranno esenti da tasse e tributi: 30 anni per i coloni in aree rurali e 5 anni per i mercanti e artigiani nelle città.
3. Offriremo prestiti senza interessi per costruzioni, attrezzature agricole, e impianti industriali, con rimborsi solo dopo 10 anni.
4. Gli stranieri non saranno obbligati al servizio militare o civile.
5. Consentiamo il libero commercio di beni prodotti in nuove fabbriche per 10 anni senza dazi.
6. Le colonie godranno di autonomia amministrativa interna.
Dato presso la Corte di Pietroburgo, il 22 luglio 1763, nel secondo anno del nostro regno.
Stampato dal Senato, 25 luglio 1763.
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en
We, Catherine the second, by the Grace of God, Empress and Autocrat of all the Russians at Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Czarina of Kasan, Czarina of Astrachan, Czarina of Siberia, Lady of Pleskow and Grand Duchess of Smolensko, Duchess of Estonia and Livland, Carelial, Tver, Yugoria, Permia, Viatka and Bulgaria and others; Lady and Grand Duchess of Novgorod in the Netherland of Chernigov, Resan, Rostov, Yaroslav, Beloosrial, Udoria, Obdoria, Condinia, and Ruler of the entire North region and Lady of the Yurish, of the Cartalinian and Grusinian czars and the Cabardinian land, of the Cherkessian and Gorsian princes and the lady of the manor and sovereign of many others.
As We are sufficiently aware of the vast extent of the lands within Our Empire, We perceive, among other things, that a considerable number of regions are still uncultivated which could easily and advantageously be made available for productive use of population and settlement.
Most of the lands hold hidden in their depth an inexhaustible wealth of all kinds of precious ores and metals, and because they are well provided with forests, rivers and lakes, and located close to the sea for purpose of trade, they are also most convenient for the development and growth of many kinds of manufacturing, plants, and various installations.
This induced Us to issue the manifesto which was published last Dec. 4, 1762, for the benefit of all Our loyal subjects.
However, inasmuch as We made only a summary announcement of Our pleasure to the foreigners who would like to settle in Our Empire, we now issue for a better understanding of Our intention the following decree which We hereby solemnly establish and order to be carried out to the full.
I. We permit all foreigners to come into Our Empire, in order to settle in all the governments, just as each one may desire.
II. After arrival, such foreigners can report for this purpose not only to the Guardianship Chancellery established for foreigners in Our residence, but also, if more convenient, to the governor or commanding officer in one of the border-towns of the Empire.
III. Since those foreigners who would like to settle in Russia will also include some who do not have sufficient means to pay the required travel costs, they can report to our ministers in foreign courts, who will not only transport them to Russia at Our expense, but also provide them with travel money.
IV. As soon as these foreigners arrive in Our residence and report at the Guardianship Chancellery or in a border-town, they shall be required to state their true decision whether their real desire is to be enrolled in the guild of merchants or artisans, and become citizens, and in what city; or if they wish to settle on free, productive land in colonies and rural areas, to take up agriculture or some other useful occupation. Without delay, these people will be assigned to their destination, according to their own wishes and desires. From the following register* it can be seen in which regions of Our Empire free and suitable lands are still available. However, besides those listed, there are many more regions and all kinds of land where We will likewise permit people to settle, just as each one chooses for his best advantage. *The register lists the areas where the immigrants can be settled.
V. Upon arrival in Our Empire, each foreigner who intends to become a settler and has reported to the Guardianship Chancellery or in other border-towns of Our Empire and, as already prescribed in # 4, has declared his decision, must take the oath of allegiance in accordance with his religious rite.
VI. In order that the foreigners who desire to settle in Our Empire may realize the extent of Our benevolence to their benefit and advantage, this is Our will -- :
1. We grant to all foreigners coming into Our Empire the free and unrestricted practice of their religion according to the precepts and usage of their Church. To those, however, who intend to settle not in cities but in colonies and villages on uninhabited lands we grant the freedom to build churches and bell towers, and to maintain the necessary number of priests and church servants, but not the construction of monasteries. On the other hand, everyone is hereby warned not to persuade or induce any of the Christian co-religionists living in Russia to accept or even assent to his faith or join his religious community, under pain of incurring the severest punishment of Our law. This prohibition does not apply to the various nationalities on the borders of Our Empire who are attached to the Mahometan faith. We permit and allow everyone to win them over and make them subject to the Christian religion in a decent way.
2. None of the foreigners who have come to settle in Russia shall be required to pay the slightest taxes to Our treasury, nor be forced to render regular or extraordinary services, nor to billet troops. Indeed, everybody shall be exempt from all taxes and tribute in the following manner: those who have been settled as colonists with their families in hitherto uninhabited regions will enjoy 30 years of exemption; those who have established themselves, at their own expense, in cities as merchants and tradesmen in Our Residence St. Petersburg or in the neighboring cities of Livland, Estonia, Ingermanland, Carelia and Finland, as well as in the Residential city of Moscow, shall enjoy 5 years of tax-exemption. Moreover, each one who comes to Russia, not just for a short while but to establish permanent domicile, shall be granted free living quarters for half a year.
3. All foreigners who settle in Russia either to engage in agriculture and some trade, or to undertake to build factories and plants will be offered a helping hand and the necessary loans required for the construction of factories useful for the future, especially of such as have not yet been built in Russia.
4. For the building of dwellings, the purchase of livestock needed for the farmstead, the necessary equipment, materials, and tools for agriculture and industry, each settler will receive the necessary money from Our treasury in the form of an advance loan without any interest. The capital sum has to be repaid only after ten years, in equal annual instalments in the following three years.
5. We leave to the discretion of the established colonies and village the internal constitution and jurisdiction, in such a way that the persons placed in authority by Us will not interfere with the internal affairs and institutions. In other respects the colonists will be liable to Our civil laws. However, in the event that the people would wish to have a special guardian or even an officer with a detachment of disciplined soldiers for the sake of security and defense, this wish would also be granted.
6. To every foreigner who wants to settle in Russia We grant complete duty-free import of his property, no matter what it is, provided, however, that such property is for personal use and need, and not intended for sale. However, any family that also brings in unneeded goods for sale will be granted free import on goods valued up to 300 rubles, provided that the family remains in Russia for at least 10 years. Failing which, it be required, upon its departure, to pay the duty both on the incoming and outgoing goods.
7. The foreigners who have settled in Russia shall not be drafted against their will into the military or the civil service during their entire stay here. Only after the lapse of the years of tax-exemption can they be required to provide labor service for the country. Whoever wishes to enter military service will receive, besides his regular pay, a gratuity of 30 rubles at the time he enrolls in the regiment.
8. As soon as the foreigners have reported to the Guardianship Chancellery or to our border towns and declared their decision to travel to the interior of the Empire and establish domicile there, they will forthwith receive food rations and free transportation to their destination.
9. Those among the foreigners in Russia who establish factories, plants, or firms, and produce goods never before manufactured in Russia, will be permitted to sell and export freely for ten years, without paying export duty or excise tax.
10. Foreign capitalists who build factories, plants, and concerns in Russia at their own expense are permitted to purchase serfs and peasants needed for the operation of the factories.
11. We also permit all foreigners who have settled in colonies or villages to establish market days and annual market fairs as they see fit, without having to pay any dues or taxes to Our treasury.
VII. All the afore-mentioned privileges shall be enjoyed not only by those who have come into our country to settle there, but also their children and descendants, even though these are born in Russia, with the provision that their years of exemption will be reckoned from the day their forebears arrived in Russia.
VIII. After the lapse of the stipulated years of exemption, all the foreigners who have settled in Russia are required to pay the ordinary moderate contributions and, like our other subjects, provide labor- service for their country. Finally, in the event that any foreigner who has settled in Our Empire and has become subject to Our authority should desire to leave the country, We shall grant him the liberty to do so, provided, however, that he is obligated to remit to Our treasury a portion of the assets he has gained in this country; that is, those who have been here from one to five years will pay one-fifth, whole those who have been here for five or more years will pay one-tenth. Thereafter each one will be permitted to depart unhindered anywhere he pleases to go.
IX. If any foreigner desiring to settle in Russia wishes for certain reasons to secure other privileges or conditions besides those already stated, he can apply in writing or in person to our Guardianship Chancellery, which will report the petition to Us. After examining the circumstances, We shall not hesitate to resolve the matter in such a way that the petitioner's confidence in Our love of justice will not be disappointed.
Given at the Court of Peter, July 22, 1763 in the Second Year of Our Reign.
Printed by the Senate, July 25, 1763
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Citazione bibliografica
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Herbert Wiens,Volk auf dem Weg: Deutsche in Russland und in der GUS 1763-1993, Kulturrat der Deutschen aus Russland [Stuttgart], 1993
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Formato
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pagina web
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Autore della scheda
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Giampaolo Salice
Volga Germans